TOPICAL INDEX OF SECONDARY SOURCES

The following is a topical listing of secondary sources addressing or related to ethical issues of interest to prosecutors, found through research of ethics advisory, disciplinary and appellate opinions issued in each of the fifty states.

This Index does not include all secondary sources of interest of prosecutors. It is a work in progress, with articles added on a regular basis by Center staff. Please notify the Center if an error is discovered or if you are aware of additional topic headings or sources that should be included.

ADVICE BY PROSECUTOR, GIVING OF

ADVOCACY (See also Conduct in Trial)

• Judith D. Fischer, The Role of Ethics in Legal Writing: The Forensic Embroiderer, The Minimalist Wizard, and Other Stories, 9 Scribes J. Legal Writing 77 (2004).
• Appealing Ethics: Professional Responsibility and Risk Management for Appellate Lawyers, 66 Bench & Bar 46 (2002).
• Douglas R. Richmond, The Ethics of Zealous Advocacy: Civility, Candor and Parlor Tricks, 34 Tex. Tech L. Rev. 3 (2002).
• Anne Bowen Poulin, Prosecutorial Inconsistency, Estoppel, and Due Process: Making The Prosecution Get Its Story Straight, 89 Cal. L. Rev. 1423 (October 2001).
• Fred C. Zacharias, Structuring the Ethics of Prosecutorial Trial Practice: Can Prosecutors Do Justice?, 44 Vand. L. Rev. 45 (1991).

ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE

• David B. Merchant, Defense Counsel as Prosecution Witnesses: A Combined Doctrine to Govern Attorney Disclosure, 66 Wash. L. Rev. 1081 (October 1991).
• Lory A. Barsdate, Note, Attorney-Client Privilege for the Government Entity, 97 Yale L.J. 1725 (1988).
• David J. Fried, Too High A Price for Truth: The Exception to The Attorney-Client Privilege for Contemplated Crimes and Frauds, 64 N.C. L. Rev. 443 (March 1986).
• D. E. Evins, Attorney-Client Privilege as Affected by Its Assertion as to Communications, or Transmission of Evidence, Relating to Crime Already Committed, 16 A.L.R.3d 1029 (1967, updated through 2004).
• J. F. Rydstrom, Applicability of Attorney-Client Privilege to Communications with Respect to Contemplated Tortious Acts, 2 A.L.R.3d 861 (1965, updated through 2004).
• R. P. Davis, Attorney-Client Privilege as Affected by Wrongful or Criminal Character of Contemplated Acts or Course of Conduct, 125 A.L.R. 508 (updated through 2004).
• E. W. H., Refusal of Attorney to Disclose Identity of, Whereabouts of, or Other Information Relating to, His Client as Contempt, 101 A.L.R. 470 (updated through June 2004).
• E.C.B., Privilege of Communication to Attorney by Client in Attempt to Establish False Claim, 9 ALR 1081 (updated through June 2004).
• M.J.Q., Privilege of Communication to Attorney by Client in Attempt to Establish False Claim, 5 ALR 977 (updated through June 2004).
• American College of Trial Lawyers, The Erosion of the Attorney-Client Privilege and Work Product Doctrine in Federal Criminal Investigations, 41 Duq. L. Rev. 307 (Winter 2003).
• Alvin K. Helllerstein, A Comprehensive Survey of the Attorney-Client Privilege and Work Product Doctrine, 540 PLI/Lit 589 (1996).
• Theodore Harman, Note, Fairness and the Doctrine of Subject Matter Waiver of the Attorney-Client Privilege in Extrajudicial Disclosure Situations, 1988 U. Ill. L. Rev. 999 (1988).
• R.P. Davis, Attorney-Client Privilege as Affected by Wrongful or Criminal Character of Contemplated Acts or Course of Conduct, 125 A.L.R. 508 (1940, updated through 2004).

CAMPAIGNS/CAMPAIGNING (See also Endorsements/Recommendations and Relationship and Interaction with Judges)

• Robert F. Housman, The Ethical Obligations of A Lawyer in A Political Campaign, 26 U. Mem. L. Rev. 3 (1995).
• Tracy A. Bateman, J.D., and Michael R. Flaherty, J.D., Disciplinary Action against Attorney for Making Gift or Loan to Judge, 29 A.L.R.5th 505 (1995).
• Michael R. Artura, Lending Money to Judges Unethical as Supreme Court of Rhode Island Tailors New Guidelines under Rules of Professional Conduct – Lisi v. Several Attorneys, 596 A.2D 313 (R.I. 1991), 26 Suffolk U. L. Rev. 536 (1992).
• Bradley A. Siciliano, Attorney Contributions in Judicial Campaigns: Creating the Appearance of Impropriety, 20 Hofstra L. Rev. 217 (1991).
• Gregory G. Sarno, Election Campaign Activities as Ground for Disciplining Attorney, 26 A.L.R.4th 170 (1983, current through 2004).

COMPETENCY

CONDUCT IN TRIAL (See also Advocacy)

• Edward L. Raymond, Jr., Attorney's Misrepresentation to Court of His State of Health or Other Personal Matter in Seeking Trial Delay as Ground for Disciplinary Action, 61 A.L.R.4th 1216 (1988, updated through 2004).
• Lisa F. Salvatore, United States v. Hammad: Encouraging Ethical Conduct of Prosecutors during Pre-Indictment Investigations, 56 Brook. L. Rev. 577 (1990).

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST (See also Special Prosecutors)

a. In General

• Marcia L. Proctor, Who is The Client?, 73 Mich. B.J. 432 (May 1994).
• Susan Brenner & James Durham, Towards Resolving Prosecutor Conflicts of Interest, 6 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 415 (1993).
• Rodney D. Dickinson, Rules Regulating Successive Government and Private Employment: a Comparison, 19 J. Legal Prof. 359 (1994).
• Richard H. Underwood, Part-Time Prosecutors and Conflicts of Interest: A Survey and Some Proposals, 81 Ky. L.J. 1 (1992/1993).
• L.C. Di Stasi, Jr., What Constitutes Representation of Conflicting Interests Subjecting Attorney to Disciplinary Action, 17 A.L.R.3d 835 (1968).

b. Dual Employment/Dual Representation

c. Former Clients

• Annot., Propriety and Effect of Attorney Representing Interest Adverse to That of Former Client, 51 A.L.R. 1307 (1927).

d. Relationships(Other than Former Clients)

• Richard H. Underwood, Part-Time Prosecutors and Conflicts of Interest: A Survey and Some Proposals, 81 Ky. L.J. 1 (1992/1993).

e. Shared Offices

CONSULTATION WITH ANOTHER ATTORNEY

CONVICTION OF CRIME

• Federal Income Tax Conviction as Involving Moral Turpitude Warranting Disciplinary Action against Attorney, 63 A.L.R.3d 476 (1975, current through 2004).

DISCIPLINARY PROCESS, DISCIPLINE AND REINSTATEMENT

• Debra T. Landis, Failure to Co-Operate with or Obey Disciplinary Authorities as Ground for Disciplining Attorney -- Modern Cases, 37 A.L.R.4th 646 (1985, current through 2005).
• Ray Taylor, Defending Lawyers in Disciplinary Proceedings, 31 Am. Jur. Trials 633 (2004).
• Douglas R. Richmond, Appellate Ethics: Truth, Criticism, and Consequences, 23 Rev. Litig. 301 (2004).
• Peter A. Joy, The Relationship between Civil Rule 11 and Lawyer Discipline: An Empirical Analysis Suggesting Institutional Choices in The Regulation of Lawyers, 37 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 765 (2004).
• Fred C. Zacharias and Bruce A. Green, Federal Court Authority to Regulate Lawyers: A Practice in Search of a Theory, 56 Vand. L. Rev. 1303 (2003).
• Monroe H. Freedman, The Professional Discipline of Prosecutors: A Response to Professor Zacharias, 30 Hofstra L. Rev. 121 (Fall 2001).
• Fred C. Zacharias, The Professional Discipline of Prosecutors, 79 N.C. L. Rev. 721 (2001).
• Lesley E. Williams, The Civil Regulation of Prosecutors, 67 Fordham L. Rev. 3441 (May 1999).
• Rory K. Little, Who Should Regulate the Ethics of Federal Prosecutors, 65 Fordham L. Rev. 355 (1996).
• Fred C. Zacharias, Who Can Best Regulate the Ethics of Federal Prosecutors, or, Who Should Regulate the Regulators?: Response to Little, 65 Fordham L. Rev. 429 (1996).
• Bruce A. Green, Whose Rules of Professional Conduct Should Govern Lawyers in Federal Court and How Should the Rules Be Created?, 64 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 460 (1996).
• Amy R. Mashburn, A Clockwork Orange Approach to Legal Ethics: A Conflicts Perspective on the Regulation of Lawyers by Federal Courts, 8 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 473 (1995).
• Bruce A. Green, Policing Federal Prosecutors: Do Too Many Regulators Produce Too Little Enforcement?, 8 St. Thomas L. Rev. 69 (1995).
• Lyn M. Morton, Note, Seeking the Elusive Remedy for Prosecutorial Misconduct: Suppression, Dismissal, or Discipline, 7 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 1083 (1994).
• Mary M. Devlin, The Development of Lawyer Disciplinary Procedures in The United States, 7 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 911 (1994).
• Andrew D. Pugh, The Antidiscrimination Amendment to Rule 8.4 of The Minnesota Rules of Professional Conduct: An Unnecessary and Unprecendented Expansion in Professional Regulation, 19 Wm. Mitchell L. Rev. 211 (1993).
• Fred C. Zacharias, Structuring the Ethics of Prosecutorial Trial Practice: Can Prosecutors Do Justice?, 44 Vand. L. Rev. 45 (1991).
• Geoffrey C. Hazard, Jr. & Cameron Beard, A Lawyer's Privilege Against Self-Incrimination in Professional Disciplinary Proceedings, 96 Yale L.J. 1060 (1987).
• Roger C. Cramton and Lisa K. Udell, Unethical Prosecutors and Inadequate Discipline, 38 SW. L.J. 965 (1984).
• Walter W. Steele, Jr., Unethical Prosecutors and Inadequate Discipline, 38 SW. L.J. 965 (1984).
• Romualdo P. Eclavea, Disciplinary Action against Attorney for Misconduct Related to Performance of Official Duties as Prosecuting Attorney, 10 A.L.R.4th 605 (1981, current through 2004).
• Gregory G. Sarno, Mental or Emotional Disturbance as Defense to or Mitigation of Charges against Attorney in Disciplinary Proceeding, 26 A.L.R.4th 995 (1983).
• Dale R. Agthe, Disciplinary Action against Attorney Based on Communications to Judge Respecting Merits of Cause, 22 A.L.R.4th 917 (1983).
• Attorney's Conduct in Connection with Malpractice Claim against Himself as Meriting Disciplinary Action, 14 A.L.R.4th 209 (1982).
• Romualdo P. Eclavea, Disciplinary Action against Attorney for Misconduct Related to Performance of Official Duties as Prosecuting Attorney, 10 A.L.R.4th 605 (1981).
• Kristine Cordier Karnezis, Narcotics Conviction as Crime of Moral Turpitude Justifying Disbarment or Other Disciplinary Action against Attorney, 99 A.L.R.3d 288 (1980).
• Debra T. Landis, Attorneys at Law: Delay in Prosecution of Disciplinary Proceeding as Defense or Mitigating Circumstance, 93 A.L.R.3d 1057 (1979).
• Annot., Attorney's Verbal Abuse of Another Attorney as Basis for Disciplinary Action, 87 A.L.R.3d 351 (1978).
• Robert A. Brazener, Effect of Acquittal or Dismissal in Criminal Prosecution as Barring Disciplinary Action against Attorney, 76 A.L.R.3d 1028 (1977).
• Robert A. Brazener, Disciplinary Action against Attorney prior to Exhaustion of Appellate Review of Conviction, 76 A.L.R.3d 1061 (1977).
• Annot., Federal Income Tax Conviction as Constituting Nonprofessional Misconduct Warranting Disciplinary Action against Attorney, 63 A.L.R.3d 512 (1975).
• Daniel E. Feld, Pardon as Defense to Disbarment of Attorney, 59 A.L.R.3d 466 (1974).
• Albert W. Alschuler, Courtroom Misconduct by Prosecutors and Trial Judges, 50 Tex. L. Rev. 629 (1972).
• V.G. Lewter, Homicide or Assault as Ground for Disciplinary Measures against Attorney, 21 A.L.R.3d 887 (1968).
• J.P. Ludington, Violation of Securities Regulations as Ground of Disciplinary Action against Attorney, 18 A.L.R.3d 1408 (1968).
• W.E. Shipley, Attorney's Criticism of Judicial Acts as Ground of Disciplinary Action, 12 A.L.R.3d 1408 (1967).

DISCIPLINARY RULES, APPLICABILITY AND INTERPRETATION OF

• Edward C. Carter, III, Limits of Judicial Power: Does the Constitution Bar the Application of Some Ethics Rules to Executive Branch Attorneys?, 27 S. Ill. U. L.J. 295 (2003).
• Bruce A. Green, Prosecutorial Ethics as Usual, 2003 U. Ill. L. Rev. 1573 (2003).
• Paula J. Casey, Regulating Federal Prosecutors: Why McDade Should Be Repealed, 19 Ga. St. U. L. Rev. 395 (Winter 2002).
• Fred C. Zacharias and Bruce A. Green, Regulating Federal Prosecutors' Ethics, 55 Vand. L. Rev. 381 (2002).
• Fred C. Zacharias, The Professional Discipline of Prosecutors, 79 N.C. L. Rev. 721 (2001).
• Fred C. Zacharias and Bruce A. Green, The Uniqueness of Federal Prosecutors, 88 Geo. L.J. 207 (2000).
• Caroline Heck Miller, Knowing the Dancer from the Dance: When the Prosecutor is Punished for the Government's Conduct, 29 Stetson L. Rev. 69 (Summer 1999).
• Katherine M. Lasher, A Call for a Uniform Standard of Professional Responsibility in the Federal Court System: Is Regulation of Recalcitrant Attorneys at the District Court Level Effective?, 66 U. Cin. L. Rev. 901 (1998).
• Roberta K. Flowers, What You See is What You Get: Applying the Appearance of Impropriety Standard to Prosecutors, 63 Mo. L. Rev. 699 (Summer 1998).
• Joseph R. Weeks, No Wrong Without a Remedy: The Effective Enforcement of the Duty of Prosecutors to Disclose Exculpatory Evidence, 22 Okla. City U. L. Rev. 833 (1997).
• Lawrence K. Hellman, When "Ethics Rules" Don't Mean what They Say: The Implications of Strained ABA Ethics Opinions, 10 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 317 (1997).
• Bruce A. Green, Whose Rules of Professional Conduct Should Govern Lawyers in Federal Court and How Should The Rules Be Created?, 64 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 460 (1996).
• Richard M. Zanfardino, Leveling the Playing Field for Federal Prosecutors or An End around Ethics? An Evaluation of The Thornburgh Memorandum and The Reno Rule, 43 Naval L. Rev. 137 (1996).
• Roberta K. Flowers, A Code of Their Own: Updating the Ethics Codes to Include the Non-Adversarial Roles of Federal Prosecutors, 37 B.C. L. Rev. 923 (1996).
• Frank O. Bowman, III, A Bludgeon by Any Other Name: The Misuse of "Ethical Rules" Against Prosecutors to Control the Law of the State, 9 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 665 (1996).
• Timothy G. Bartlett, In Re Johnson And In Re Jeffries: Just Say No To A Double Standard For State's Attorneys In South Dakota, 40 S.D. L. Rev. 262 (1995).
• Bruce A. Green, Policing Federal Prosecutors: Do Too Many Regulators Produce Too Little Enforcement?, 8 St. Thomas L. Rev. 69 (1995).
• Alafair S.R. Burke, Note, Reconciling Professional Ethics and Prosecutorial Power: The No-Contact Rule Debate, 46 Stan. L. Rev. 1635 (1994).
• Bruce W. Kent, Ethics and The Government Lawyer, 62-MAR J. Kan. B.A. 30 (1993).
• Fred C. Zacharias, Specificity in Professional Responsibility Codes: Theory, Practice, and the Paradigm of Prosecutorial Ethics, 69 Notre Dame L. Rev. 223 (1993).
• Bennett L. Gershman, The New Prosecutors, 53 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 393 (Winter 1992).
• Fred C. Zacharias, Structuring the Ethics of Prosecutorial Trial Practice: Can Prosecutors Do Justice?, 44 Vand. L. Rev. 45 (1991).
• Bruce A. Green, Doe v. Grievance Committee: On the Interpretation of Ethical Rules, 55 Brook L. Rev. 485 (1989).
• Richard A. Rosen, Disciplinary Sanctions Against Prosecutors for Brady Violations: A Paper Tiger, 65 N.C. L. Rev. 693 (1987).
• Walter W. Steele, Jr., Unethical Prosecutors and Inadequate Discipline, 38 SW. L.J. 965 (1984).
• H. Richard Uviller, The Virtuous Prosecutor in Quest of an Ethical Standard: Guidance from the ABA, 71 Mich. L. Rev. 1145 (1973).
• Ray, Taylor, 31 Am. Jur. Trials 633, Defending Lawyers in Disciplinary Proceedings (updated through 2005).
• V. G. Lewter, Homicide or Assault as Ground for Disciplinary Measures against Attorney, 21 A.L.R.3d 887 (1968, updated through 2004).

DISCOVERY, ISSUES RELATED TO (See also Evidence, Disclosure, Receipt, or Use of)

• Jannice E. Joseph, The New Russian Roulette: Brady Revisited, 17 Cap. Def. J. 33 (Fall 2004).
• Jeremy L. Carlson, The Professional Duty of Prosecutors to Disclose Exculpatory Evidence to the Defense: Implications of Rule 3.8(D) of the Model Rules of Professional Conduct, 28 J. Legal Prof. 125 (2004).
• Robert R. Rigg, Investigation, Discovery, and Disclosure in Criminal Cases: An Iowa Perspective, 52 Drake L. Rev. 739 (2004).
• Joseph R. Weeks, No Wrong without a Remedy: The Effective Enforcement of the Duty of Prosecutors to Disclose Exculpatory Evidence, 22 Okla. City U. L. Rev. 833 (Fall 1997).
• Stanley Z. Fisher, The Prosecutor's Ethical Duty to Seek Exculpatory Evidence in Police Hands: Lessons from England, 68 Fordham L. Rev. 1379 (April 2000).
• Jonathan M. Fredman, Intelligence Agencies, Law Enforcement, and the Prosecution Team, 16 Yale L. & Pol'y Rev. 331 (1998).
• Lis Wiehl, Keeping Files on the File Keepers: When Prosecutors are Forced to Turn Over the Personnel Files of Federal Agents to Defense Lawyers, 72 Wash. L. Rev. 73 (1997).
• Robert Hochman, Comment, Brady v. Maryland and the Search for Truth in Criminal Trials, 63 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1673 (1996).
• Richard A. Rosen, Disciplinary Sanctions Against Prosecutors for Brady Violations: A Paper Tiger, 65 N.C. L. Rev. 693 (April 1987).
• Annotation, Fabrication or Suppression of Evidence as Ground of Disciplinary Action against Attorney, 40 A.L.R.3d 169 (1971).

DISHONESTY OR MORAL TURPITUDE

• C.S.W., Jr., Conviction of Crime involving Moral Turpitude as Proof of Grounds for Disbarment Where Conviction Is Not Itself an Independent Cause, 81 A.L.R. 1196 (updated through 2004).

DRUGS: POSSESSION, USE OR DISTRIBUTION

• Caroll J. Miller, Bar Admission or Reinstatement of Attorney as Affected by Alcoholism or Alcohol Abuse, 39 A.L.R.4th 567 (1985, updated through 2004).
• Kristine Cordier Karnezis, Narcotics Conviction as Crime of Moral Turpitude Justifying Disbarment or Other Disciplinary Action against Attorney, 99 A.L.R.3d 288 (1980, current through 2004).

ENDORSEMENTS/RECOMMENDATIONS

ETHICAL VIOLATIONS, DUTY TO REPORT OR THREATENING TO REPORT FOR

• Michael A. Fisher, Why Does Doing the Right Thing Have to be so Hard? A Law Firm Partner's Difficult Decision on Whether to Report Suspected Misconduct, 87 Marq. L. Rev. 1005 (2004).
• James E. Mitchem, The Lawyer's Duty To Report Ethical Violations, 18 Colo. Law. 1915 (1989)
• Gregory G. Sarno, Initiating or Threatening to Initiate Criminal Prosecution as Ground for Disciplining Counsel, 42 A.L.R. 4th 1000 (1985, current through 2004).

ETHICS ADVISORY OPINIONS

• Lawrence K. Hellman, When "Ethics Rules" Don't Mean what They Say: The Implications of Strained ABA Ethics Opinions, 10 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 317 (1997).

EVIDENCE, DISCLOSURE, RECEIPT OR USE OF (See also Discovery, Issues Related to)

• Corinna Barrett Lain, Accuracy Where It Matters: Brady v. Maryland in the Plea Bargaining Context, 80 Wash. U. L.Q. 1 (2002).
• Leslie C. Griffin, The Prudent Prosecutor, 14 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 259 (Winter 2001).
• Trina Jones, Inadvertent Disclosure of Privileged Information and the Law of Mistake: Using Substantive Legal Principles to Guide Ethical Decision Making, 48 Emory L.J. 1255 (1999).
• Kevin C. McMunigal, Disclosure and Accuracy in the Guilty Plea Process, 40 Hastings L.J. 957 (July 1989).
• Annotation, Fabrication or Suppression of Evidence as Ground of Disciplinary Action against Attorney, 40 A.L.R.3d 169 (1971).

INVESTIGATIONS

• Rory K. Little, Proportionality as an Ethical Precept for Prosecutors in Their Investigative Role, 68 Fordham L. Rev. 723 (1999).

JUDGES, COMMENTS ABOUT

• Angela Butcher and Scott Macbeth, Lawyers' Comments About Judges: A Balancing of Interests to Ensure A Sound Judiciary, 17 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 659 (2004).
• Richard A. McGuire, How Far Can A Lawyer Go in Criticizing A Judge?, 27 J. Legal Prof. 227 (2003).
• Judith S. Kaye, Safeguarding A Crown Jewel: Judicial Independence and Lawyer Criticism of Courts, 25 Hofstra L. Rev. 703 (1997).
• Caprice L. Roberts, Standing Committee on Discipline v. Yagman: Missing The Point of Ethical Restrictions on Attorney Criticism of The Judiciary?, 54 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 817 (1997).
• David W. Wright, In Re Holtzman: Free Speech Or Professional Misconduct?, 9 Touro L. Rev. 587 (1993).
• Carol T. Rieger, Lawyers' Criticism Of Judges: Is Freedom Of Speech A Figure Of Speech?, 2 Const. Comment. 69 (1985).

JUDGES, EX PARTE CONTACT WITH

• J. Vincent Aprile, II, The Error of Legitimizing Ex Parte Communications, 18-SPG Crim. Just. 60 (2003).
• Roberta K. Flowers, An Unholy Alliance: The Ex Parte Relationship between the Judge and the Prosecutor, 79 Neb. L. Rev. 251 (2000).
• Alex Rothrock, Ex Parte Communications with A Tribunal: From Both Sides, 29-APR Colo. Law. 55 (2000).
• George A. Riemer, Ex Parte Explication: The Ethics of Ex Parte Contact with Judges, 57-Jul Or. St. B. Bull. 35 (1997).
• Alex Rothrock, Ex Parte Communications with A Tribunal: From Both Sides, 29-Apr Colo. Law. 55 (2000).
• Dale R. Agthe, J.D., Disciplinary Action against Attorney Based on Communications to Judge Respecting Merits of Cause, 22 A.L.R.4th 917 (1983, updated through 2004).

JUDGES, RELATIONSHIP OR INTERACTION WITH

• Tracy A. Bateman, J.D., and Michael R. Flaherty, J.D., Disciplinary Action against Attorney for Making Gift or Loan to Judge, 29 A.L.R.5th 505 (1995).
• Michael R. Artura, Lending Money to Judges Unethical as Supreme Court of Rhode Island Tailors New Guidelines under Rules of Professional Conduct – Lisi v. Several Attorneys, 596 A.2D 313 (R.I. 1991), 26 Suffolk U. L. Rev. 536 (1992).

JURY COMMUNICATION/SELECTION

a. Selection of Jury

b. Statements to or Conduct toward Juror during Trial

c. Contact after Conclusion of Trial

• Dale R. Agthe, J.D., Propriety of Attorney's Communication with Jurors after Trial, 19 ALR4th 1209 (1983, updated through 2004).

MISCELLANEOUS

• Margaret Hensler Nicholls, A Quagmire of Internet Ethics Law and the ABA Guidelines for Legal Website Providers, 18 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 1021 (Summer 2005).
• Randolph Braccialarghe, Why Were Perry Mason's Clients Always Innocent? The Criminal Lawyer' s Moral Dilemma --The Criminal Defendant Who Tells His Lawyer He Is Guilty, 39 Val. U. L. Rev. 65 (Fall 2004).
• Robert R. Keuhn and Peter A. Joy, An Ethics Critique of Interference in Law School Clinics, 71 Fordham L. Rev. 1971 (2003).
• Abbe Smith, The Difference in Criminal Defense and the Difference it Makes, 11 Wash. U. J.L. & Pol'y 83 (2003).
• Peter A. Joy, Making Ethics Opinions Meaningful: Toward More Effective Regulation of Lawyers' Conduct, 15 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 313 (2002).
• Michael L. Fox, To Tell or Not to Tell: Legal Ethics and Disclosure after Enron, 2002 Colum. Bus. L. Rev. 867 (2002).
• Edward C. Brewer, III, Let's Play Jeopardy: Where The Question Comes after The Answer for Stopping Prosecutorial Misconduct in Death-Penalty Cases, 28 N. Ky. L. Rev. 34 (2000).
• Carl M. Selinger, The Problematical Role of the Legal Ethics Expert Witness, 13 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 405 (2000).
• Catherine J. Lanctot, Attorney-Client Relationships in Cyberspace: The Peril and The Promise, 49 Duke L.J. 147 (1999).
• Nancy J. Moore, The Ethical Role and Responsibilities of a Lawyer-Ethicist: The Case of the Independent Counsel's Independent Counsel, 68 Fordham L. Rev. 771 (December 1999).
• Michael Q. English, A Prosecutor's Use of Inconsistent Factual Theories of a Crime in Successive Trials: Zealous Advocacy or a Due Process Violation?, 68 Fordham L. Rev. 525 (November 1999).
• Peter J. Henning, Prosecutorial Misconduct in Grand Jury Investigations, 51 S.C. L. Rev. 1 (Fall 1999).
• Peter J. Henning, Prosecutorial Misconduct and Constitutional Remedies, 77 Wash. U. L.Q. 713 (Fall 1999).
• Christopher G. Frey, The State v. the Self-Represented: A Florida Prosecutor's Concerns when Litigating against a Pro Se Defendant in a Criminal Trial, 29 Stetson L. Rev. 181 (Summer 1999).
• Bruce A. Green, The Criminal Regulation of Lawyers, 67 Fordham L. Rev. 327 (1998).
• Kenneth Rosenthal, Prosecutor Misconduct, Convictions, and Double Jeopardy: Case Studies in An Emerging Jurisprudence, 71 Temp. L. Rev. 887 (Winter 1998).
• Joseph D. Grano, Criminal Procedure: Moving from the Accused as Victim to the Accused as Responsible Party, 19 Harv. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 711 (1996).
• Megan M. Rose, Note, The Endurance of Prosecutorial Immunity: How the Federal Courts Vitiated Buckley v. Fitzsimmons, 37 B.C. L. Rev. 1019 (1996).
• Kenneth Bresler, "I Never Lost a Trial": When Prosecutors Keep Score of Criminal Convictions, 9 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 537 (1996).
• Rita M. Glavin, Prosecutors Who Disclose Prosecutorial Information for Literary or Media Purposes: What about the Duty of Confidentiality?, 63 Fordham L. Rev. 1809 (April 1995).
• Douglas Letter, Lawyering and Judging on Behalf of the United States: All I ask for is a Little Respect, 61 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 1295 (1993).
• Peter J. Henning, Testing the Limits of Investigating and Prosecuting White Collar Crime: How Far Will the Courts Allow Prosecutors to Go?, 54 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 405 (1993).
• Bruce A. Green, Zealous Representation Bound: The Intersection of the Ethical Codes and the Criminal Law, 69 N.C. L. Rev. 687 (1991).
• A. Howard Matz, Lawyers on the Attack: Prosecutors' and Defense Lawyers' Effort to Curb the Other Side's Perceived Misconduct, 161 PLI/Crim 177 (1991).
• Ty Tasker, Sticks and Stones: Judicial Handling of Invective in Advocacy, 42 NO. 4 Judges' J. 17 (2003).
• Stephen A. Saltzburg, Lawyers, Clients, and the Adversary System, 37 Mercer L. Rev. 647 (1986).

MISREPRESENTATION OF FACTS OR LAW

• Mark D. Erdberg, "I Did Not Have Sexual Relations with that Woman": The Ethical Duty Not to Misrepresent to the Court, 27 J. Legal Prof. 165 (2003).
• Peter R. Jarvis & Bradley F. Tellam, The Dishonesty Rule - A Rule with a Future, 74 Or. L. Rev. 665 (1995).
• Christopher J. Shine, Note, Deception and Lawyers: Away from a Dogmatic Principle and Toward a Moral Understanding of Deception, 64 Notre Dame L. Rev. 722 (1989).
• Annotation, Fabrication or Suppression of Evidence as Ground of Disciplinary Action against Attorney, 40 A.L.R.3d 169 (1971).

PERJURED OR FALSE TESTIMONY, POTENTIAL OR ACTUAL

• Edward L. Wilkinson, That's A Damn Lie!": Ethical Obligations of Counsel When a Witness Offers False Testimony in a Criminal Trial, 31 St. Mary's L.J. 407 (2000).
• Stephen B. Schulte, There Ain't No Way to Hide Those Lyin' Eyes: What to Do When Your Client Lies, 63 Tex. B.J. 734 (2000).
• Charles F. Thompson, Jr., The Attorney's Ethical Obligations when Faced with Client Perjury, 42 S.C. L. Rev. 973 (1991).
• Don D. Skypeck, Professional Ethics of Criminal Defense Lawyers: Is There a Single Solution to the Issues Raised by a Perjuring Client?, 16 Mem. St. U. L. Rev. 531 (1986).
• Carol T. Rieger, Client Perjury: A Proposed Resolution of The Constitutional and Ethical Issues, 70 Minn. L. Rev. 121 (1985).
• Bruce A. Green, Doe v. Grievance Committee: On The Interpretation of Ethical Rules, 55 Brook. L. Rev. 485 (1989).
• William M. McErlean, What Do You Do When Your Client Lies?, 15 No. 2 Litigation 8 (1989).
• Annotation, Fabrication or Suppression of Evidence as Ground of Disciplinary Action against Attorney, 40 A.L.R.3d 169 (1971).

PLEA AGREEMENTS AND NEGOTIATIONS

• Sylvia Shaz Shweder, Donating Debt to Society: Prosecutorial and Judicial Ethics of Plea Agreements and Sentences that Include Charitable Contributions, 73 Fordham L. Rev. 377 (2004).
• Corinna Barrett Lain, Accuracy Where It Matters: Brady v. Maryland in the Plea Bargaining Context, 80 Wash. U. L.Q. 1 (2002).
• Kevin C. McMunigal, Disclosure and Accuracy in the Guilty Plea Process, 40 Hastings L.J. 957 (July 1989).
• Roland Acevedo, Is A Ban on Plea Bargaining an Ethical Abuse of Discretion? A Bronx County, New York Case Study, 64 Fordham L. Rev. 987 (December 1995).

PROSECUTE, DECISION OR DISCRETION TO

• Ellen S. Podgor, The Ethics and Professionalism of Prosecutors in Discretionary Decisions, 68 Fordham L. Rev. 1511 (April 2000).
• Michael Kades, Exercising Discretion: A Case Study of Prosecutorial Discretion in the Wisconsin Department of Justice, 25 Am. J. Crim. L. 115 (1997).
• Robert L. Misner, Recasting Prosecutorial Discretion, 86 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 717 (1996).
• Richard B. Cole, Prosecutorial Discretion in The Military Justice System: Is It Time for a Change?, 19 Am. J. Crim. L. 395 (Spring 1992).
• Kenneth J. Melilli, Prosecutorial Discretion in an Adversary System, 1992 BYU L. Rev. 669 (1992).
• Romualdo P. Eclavea, Disciplinary Action against Attorney for Misconduct Related to Performance of Official Duties as Prosecuting Attorney, 10 A.L.R.4th 605 (1981).
• Sarah J. Cox, Prosecutorial Discretion: An Overview, 13 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 383 (1976).
• Norman Abrams, Internal Policy: Guiding the Exercise of Prosecutorial Discretion, 19 UCLA L. Rev. 1 (1971).

PROSECUTOR, FUNCTION OR ROLE

• Fred C. Zacharias, The Role of Prosecutors in Serving Justice after Convictions, 58 Vand. L. Rev. 171 (Jan. 2005).
• Samuel J. Levine, The Yale L. Rosenberg Memorial Lecture: Taking Prosecutorial Ethics Seriously: A Consideration of the Prosecutor's Ethical Obligation to "Seek Justice" in a Comparative Analytical Framework, 41 Hous. L. Rev. 1337 (Winter 2004).
• Carolyn B. Ramsey, The Discretionary Power of "Public" Prosecutors in Historical Perspective, 39 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 1309 (Fall 2002).
• Bennett L. Gershman, The Prosecutor's Duty to Truth, 14 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 309 (Winter 2001).
• Abbe Smith, Can You be a Good Person and a Good Prosecutor?, 14 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 355 (Winter 2001).
• Fred C. Zacharias and Bruce A. Green, The Uniqueness of Federal Prosecutors, 88 Geo. L.J. 207 (2000).
• Rory K. Little, Proportionality as an Ethical Precept for Prosecutors in Their Investigative Role, 68 Fordham L. Rev. 723 (1999).
• Bruce A. Green, Why Should Prosecutors "Seek Justice"?, 26 Fordham Urb. L.J. 607, 633 (1999).
• Caroline Heck Miller, Knowing the Dancer from the Dance: When the Prosecutor is Punished for the Government's Conduct, 29 Stetson L. Rev. 69 (Summer 1999).
• Kenneth Bresler, Pretty Phrases: The Prosecutor as Minister of Justice and Administrator of Justice, 9 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 1301 (1996).
• Catherine J. Lanctot, The Duty of Zealous Advocacy and the Ethics of the Federal Government Lawyer: The Three Hardest Questions, 64 S. Cal. L. Rev. 951 (1991).
• Fred C. Zacharias, Structuring the Ethics of Prosecutorial Trial Practice: Can Prosecutor's Do Justice?, 44 Vand. L. Rev. 45 (1991).
• Lisa F. Salvatore, United States v. Hammad: Encouraging Ethical Conduct of Prosecutors during Pre-Indictment Investigations, 56 Brook. L. Rev. 577 (1990).
• Stanley Z. Fisher, In Search of the Virtuous Prosecutor: A Conceptual Framework, 15 Am. J. Crim. L. 197 (1988).
• Romualdo P. Eclavea, Disciplinary Action against Attorney for Misconduct Related to Performance of Official Duties as Prosecuting Attorney, 10 A.L.R.4th 605 (1981).

PUBLICITY/NEWS MEDIA

• Julie Ashworth, Were Deputy Attorney General James Comey's Comments about Jose Padilla Made in Violation Oo Model Rule 3.6?, 18 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 571 (2005).
• Lonnie T. Brown, Jr., "May It Please The Camera, ...I Mean The Court" – An Intrajudicial Solution to An Extrajudicial Problem, 39 Ga. L. Rev. 83 (2004).
• Richard W. Holmes, Prosecutorial Dealing with the Media: Duties, Remedies, and Liability, 28 J. Legal Prof. 177 (2003-2004).
• Paul Logli, Media Relations for Prosecutors, 37-AUG Prosecutor 30 (2003).
• Sebrina A. Mason, Policing The Police: How Far Must A Prosecutor Go to Keep Officers Quiet?, 26 S. Ill. U. L.J. 317 (Winter 2002).
• H. Morley Swingle, Prosecutors Beware: Pretrial Publicity May Be Hazardous to Your Career, 35-OCT Prosecutor 29 (2001).
• Gabriel G. Gregg, Aba Rule 3.6 and California Rule 5-120: A Flawed Approach to The Problem of Trial Publicity, 43 UCLA L. Rev. 1321 (1996).
• Christopher A. Brown, The Worsening Problem of Trial Publicity: Is "New" Model Rule 3.6 Solution or Surrender?, 29 Ind. L. Rev. 379 (1995).
• H. Morley Swingle, Warning: Pretrial Publicity May Be Hazardous to Your Bar License, 50 J. Mo. B. 335 (1994).
• Suzanne F. Day, The Supreme Court's Attack on Attorney's Freedom of Expression: The Gentile v. State Bar of Nevada Decision, 43 Case W. Res. L. Rev. 1347 (1993).
• Kelly Ann Hardy, Order in The Courtroom, Silence on The Courthouse Steps: Attorneys Muzzled by Ethical Disciplinary Rules, 22 Seton Hall L. Rev. 1401 (1992).
• Scott M. Matheson, Jr., The Prosecutor, The Press, and Free Speech, 58 Fordham L. Rev. 865 (1990).
• Debra T. Landis, Lawyer Publicity as Breach of Legal Ethics, 4 A.L.R.4th 306 (1981).

RECORDINGS

• Kathleen Maher, Tale of The Tape: Lawyers Recording Conversations, 15 NO. 3 Prof. Law. 10 (2004).
• Allison A. Vana, Attorney Private Eyes: Ethical Implications of A Private Attorney's Decision to Surreptitiously Record Conversations, 2003 U. Ill. L. Rev. 1605 (2003).
• Marjorie A. Caner, Propriety of Attorney's Surreptitious Sound Recording of Statements by Others Who Are or May Become Involved in Litigation, 32 A.L.R.5th 715 (1995, current through 2004).

REPRESENTED PERSONS, CONTACT WITH

• Carl A. Pierce, Variations on a Basic Theme: Revisiting the ABA's Revision of Model Rule 4.2 (Part I), 70 Tenn. L. Rev. 121 (2002).
• Kathleen Maher, Communications with Represented Persons: Look Who's Talking about ABA Formal Opinion 95-396, 12 No. 3 Prof. Law. 2 (2001).
• Jennifer Marie Buettner, Compromising Professionalism: The Justice Department's Anti-Contact Rule, 23 J. Legal Prof. 121 (1999).
• Ira H. Leesfield, Ex Parte Communications by Government Lawyers with Represented Parties: Proposed Changes to Rule 4.2 of the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct, Fla. B.J. (December 1998).
• Stephen J. Langs, Legal Ethics The Question of Ex Parte Communications and Pro Se Lawyers under Model Rule 4.2 -- Hey, Can We Talk?, 19 W. New Eng. L. Rev. 421 (1997).
• Richard M. Zanfardino, Leveling the Playing Field for Federal Prosecutors or an End Around Ethics? An Evaluation of the Thornburg Memorandum and the Reno Rule, 43 Naval L. Rev. 137 (1996).
• Todd S. Schulman , Wisdom without Power: The Department of Justice's Attempt to Exempt Federal Prosecutors from State No-Contact Rules, 71 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1067 (1996).
• Jocelyn Lupert, The Department of Justice Rule Governing Communications with Represented Persons: Has the Department Defied Ethics?, 46 Syracuse L. Rev. 1119 (1996).
• Thomas S. McConville, Department of Justice Regulations on Ex Parte Contacts with Represented Individuals, 13 No.. 4 Compleat Law. (1996).
• Alafair S.R. Burke, Note, Reconciling Professional Ethics and Prosecutorial Power: The No-Contact Rule Debate, 46 Stan. L. Rev. 1635 (1994).
• Marla B. Rubin, The Thornburgh Memo, Now the Reno Rule: A Case of Ethics, 9/23/94 N.Y. L.J. 1, col. 1 (1994).
• Roger C. Cramton and Lisa K. Udell, State Ethics Rules and Federal Prosecutors: The Controversies over the Anti-Contact and Subpoena Rules, 53 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 291 (1992).
• F. Dennis Saylor, IV & J. Douglas Wilson, Putting a Square Peg in a Round Hole: The Application of Model Rule 4.2 to Federal Prosecutors, 53 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 459 (1992).
• Ernest F. Lidge, III, Government Civil Investigations and the Ethical Ban on Communicating with Represented Parties, 67 Ind. L.J. 549 (1992).
• Nancy J. Moore, Professional Warfare between Prosecutors and Defense Attorneys: A Plea for An End to The Current Hostilities, 53 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 515 (Winter 1992).
• Stephen M. Sinalko, Note, Ex Parte Communication and the Corporate Adversary: A New Approach, 66 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1456 (1991).
• Richard Thornburgh, Ethics and the Attorney General: The Attorney General Responds, 74 Judicature 290 (1991).
• Marc A. Schwartz, Note, Prosecutorial Investigations and DR 7-104(A)(1), 89 Colum. L. Rev. 940 (1989).
• Case Comments, Limiting the Prosecutor's Use of Informants: The Second Circuit's Misreading of DR 7-104(A)(1), 67 Wash. U. L.Q. 613 (1989).
• Jerome N. Krulewitch, Comment, Ex Parte Communications with Corporate Parties: The Scope of the Limitations on Attorney Communications with One of Adverse Interest, 82 NW. U. L. Rev. 1274 (1988).
• Bruce A. Green, A Prosecutor's Communications With Defendants: What Are the Limits?, 24 Crim. L. Bull. 283 (1988).
• Samuel R. Miller & Angelo J. Calfo, Ex Parte Contact with Employees and Former Employees of a Corporate Adversary: Is it Ethical?, 42 Bus. Law. 1053 (1987).
• John Leubsdorf, Communicating with Another Lawyer's Client: The Lawyer's Veto and the Client's Interest, 127 U. Pa. L. Rev. 683 (1979).
• Benjamin J. Vernia, J.D., Right of Attorney to Conduct Ex Parte Interviews with Former Corporate Employees, 57 A.L.R.5th 633 (1998, updated through 2004).
• Alexander C. Black, J.D., Determination of Whether A Communication Is from A Corporate Client for Purposes of The Attorney-Client Privilege – Modern Cases, 26 A.L.R.5th 628 (1995, updated through 2004).
• Gregory G. Sarno, J.D., Communication with Party Represented by Counsel as Ground for Disciplining Attorney, 26 A.L.R.4th 102 (1983, updated through 2005).
• Thomas M. Geisler, JR., J.D., Proof of Waiver of Attorney-Client Privilege, 32 Am. Jur. Proof of Facts 3d 189 (updated through August 2004).
• George A. Locke, J.D., Existence of Attorney-Client Relationship, 48 Am. Jur. Proof of Facts 2d 525 (updated through August 2004).

SENTENCING

• Paul M. Secunda, Cleaning Up The Chicken Coop Of Sentencing Uniformity: Guiding The Discretion Of Federal Prosecutors Through The Use Of The Model Rules Of Professional Conduct, 34 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 1267 (Spring 1997).

SPECIAL PROSECUTORS (See also Conflicts of Interest)

SUBPOENAS

• Roger C. Cramton and Lisa K. Udell, State Ethics Rules and Federal Prosecutors: The Controversies over the Anti-Contact and Subpoena Rules, 53 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 291 (1992).
• Andrea F. McKenna, A Prosecutor's Reconsideration of Rule 3.10, 53 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 489 (1992).
• Nancy J. Moore, Professional Warfare between Prosecutors and Defense Attorneys: A Plea for An End to The Current Hostilities, 53 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 515 (Winter 1992).
• Fred C. Zacharias, A Critical Look at Rules Governing Grand Jury Subpoenas of Attorneys, 76 Minn. L. Rev. 917 (April 1992).

SUPERVISION/SUPERVISOR OF ATTORNEYS/OTHERS

• John M. Burman, The Supervisory Responsibility of Lawyers, Wyo. Law. 13 (April 2001).
• Sarah Theresa Eibling, Duties and Responsibilities of Lawyers in Light of In re Myers: Are You Aware?, 55 S.C. L. Rev. 599 (2004).
• Robert R. Keatinge, The Floggings Will Continue Until Morale Improves: The Supervising Attorney and His or Her Firm, 39 S. Tex. L. Rev. 279 (1998).
• Douglas R. Richmond, Subordinate Lawyers and Insubordinate Duties, 105 W. Va. L. Rev. 449 (2003).
• Daniel Richman, Prosecutors and Their Agents, Agents and Their Prosecutors, 103 Colum. L. Rev. 749 (May 2003).
• Lonnie T. Brown, Jr., "May It Please The Camera,... I Mean The Court" – An Intrajudicial Solution to an Extrajudicial Problem, 39 Ga. L. Rev. 83 (2004)
• Sebrina A. Mason, Policing The Police: How Far Must A Prosecutor Go to Keep Officers Quiet?, 26 S. Ill. U. L.J. 317 (Winter 2002).

WITNESSES (See also Represented Persons, Contact with)

a. Communication with Witnesses

• John Freeman, Ex Parte Contacts with Potential Witnesses, 8-APR S.C. Law. 11 (1997).
• John E. Iole and John D. Goetz, Ethics or Procedure? A Discovery-Based Approach to Ex Parte Contacts with Former Employees of A Corporate Adversary, 68 Notre Dame L. Rev. 81 (1992).

b. Advice on Speaking to Opposing Counsel

• Lisa A. Wenger, Admonitions against Perjury or Threats to Prosecute Potential Defense Witness, Inducing Refusal to Testify, as Prejudicial Error, 88 A.L.R.4th 388 (1991-2005).
• Gregory G. Sarno, Interference by Prosecution with Defense Counsel's Pretrial Interrogation of Witnesses, 90 A.L.R.3d 1231 (1979-2004).

c. Prosecutors as Witnesses

• Erwin S. Barbre, Prosecuting Attorney as a Witness in Criminal Case, 54 A.L.R.3d 100 (1973-2004).

d. Witness Preparation

• John W. Allen, Emerging from The Horse Shed and Still Passing The Smell Test-Ethics of Witness Preparation and Testimony, 32-SUM Brief 56 (2003).
• Peter A. Joy and Kevin C. McMunigal, Witness Preparation: When Does It Cross The Line?, 17-FALL Crim. Just. 48 (2002).
• W. William Hodes, The Professional Duty to Horseshed Witnesses-Zealously, within the Bounds of the Law, 30 Tex. Tech L. Rev. 1343 (1999).
• Joel S. Newman, Legal Advice toward Illegal Ends, 28 U. Rich. L. Rev. 287 (1994).

d. Other Issues Related to Witnesses

• George C. Harris, Testimony for Sale: The Law and Ethics of Snitches and Experts, 28 Pepp. L. Rev. 1 (2000).

WORK PRODUCT PRIVILEGE (See also Attorney-Client Privilege)

• American College of Trial Lawyers, The Erosion of the Attorney-Client Privilege and Work Product Doctrine in Federal Criminal Investigations, 41 Duq. L. Rev. 307 (Winter 2003).
• Alvin K. Helllerstein, A Comprehensive Survey of the Attorney-Client Privilege and Work Product Doctrine, 540 PLI/Lit 589 (1996).

UNAUTHORIZED PRACTICE OF LAW

• Margaret Hensler Nicholls, A Quagmire of Internet Ethics Law and the ABA Guidelines for Legal Website Providers, 18 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 1021 (Summer 2005).